Islamic Art Now: Contemporary Art of the Middle East LACMA

This past weekend I had the pleasure of attending the Islamic Art exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. This exhibition features approximately 31 works by artists from Iran, the Arab world, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Northwest Africa.

Speechless

The first installation that caught my eyes was The Water. Created by Egyptian artist Moataz Nasr in 2002, "Individuality is recast by time as the faces of Egyptian men, women, and children are briefly reflected in a puddle before a boot relentlessly stomps into the water, distorting, fragmenting, and transforming the images." The duration of the video is 5 minutes, it caught my eye as soon as I walked in. The erasure of ones image by such a violent force, the use of such a calming medium such as water, really creates an essence for the viewer. 

Another installation that caught my eye was Fallen Angeles, created by Iranian artist Hojat Amani in 2012. "This tragic angel, dressed in the guise of a modern young Iranian woman, appears to have literately shattered in her fall to earth; the other remaining sign of her former status- her wings, here formed of golden leaves- will soon blow away or merge with other fallen leaves." According to traditional Iranian Muslim belief, angels are with you from birth to death. After one recites their prayers, they must face toward both left and right to acknowledge the angels recording your deeds both good and bad. It caught my eye as well because the implication of an angel falling from grace, means one is not in God's good graces anymore.

Fallen angels, from the series Angels in Paradise

The last of the many pieces that caught my eyes was Untitled, from the series Listen by artist Newsha Tavakollan. The series is conceived by the artist as a series of imaginary CD covers for fantasy albums by woman singers. Since the 1979 Islamic revolution, women have not been allowed to perform in public in Iran. The red boxing gloves, and the black hijab, while staring down at the camera on an empty street really catch the feeling of what the artist is trying to convey. This woman is a fighter, ready to change the system, yet also following the guidelines that are still the system.

Image: Newsha Tavakolian, Untitled, from the series Listen, 2011, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, purchased with funds provided by the Farhang Foundation, Fine Arts Council, and an anonymous donor, © Newsha Tavakolian

I had the most amazing day at the Los Angeles County museum of art, without a doubt a day to remember.

Selfie with Deena

Sources:

 "Fallen Angels, from the Series Angels in Paradise." LACMA Collections. Web. 05 June 2016.

"Islamic Art Now: Contemporary Art of the Middle East." Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Web. 05 June 2016.

"Speechless." LACMA Collections. Web. 05 June 2016.

"Re-title.com." Moataz Nasr (Artist) in Cairo (Egypt) from. Web. 05 June 2016.

"Entering the Public: Representations of Women in the Work of Newsha Tavakolian | Unframed." Entering the Public: Representations of Women in the Work of Newsha Tavakolian | Unframed. Web. 05 June 2016.

Space+Art

From the beginning of time we have been fascinated by the sky, stars, and planets.

Space

Science flourished during the European Renaissance. Copernicus was an astronomer and mathematician. As a student, he studied the law of mathematics and medicine, then became interested in astronomy. He published an early description of a heliocentric model of the universe, where the sun was in the middle of our solar system. By postulating only the rotation of earth's revolution around the sun and the tilt of earths rotational axis, Copernicus could explain the observed motion of the heavens.

Copernicus model

Science fiction is essential to our creation. Arthur C. Clarke's 1976 novel, The Fountains of Paradise. This novel was set in the 22nd century, it describes the construction of a space elevator. An orbital tower, giant structure rising from ground and linking with a satellite station in a geo stationary orbit. Such a structure would be used to raise payloads to orbit without using rockets, making it much more cost effective. David Smitherman of NASA has compiled plans for such an elevator. The idea of ribbon made of carbon nano tube stretching from earth into space hauling cargo and passengers into space orbit.

Space Elevator

Contemporary space age developments started after WW2. In October 1957, the Soviet Union launched first satellite named Sputnik. Sputnik was no larger than a beach ball and sent meaningless signals back to earth. Russian engineers wanted to make sure people could see and hear it. It was polished so people could see it with the naked eye, and it broadcast “beep beep” pattern that could be picked up by amateur radio operators around the world.

Sputnik

Russians were the first to have a dog test what it's like to have a living being in space. Laika, a 3 year old stray mut was selected. She was covered in alcohol solution painted with iodine and several spots so sensors could be placed on her, to monitor her heart beat, blood pressure and other bodily functions to better understand any changes in space. She did not live beyond 6 days.

Laika

From 2003 to present, we are seeing huge changes from public to private exploration into space. May 1996 X prize, $10 million prize for first non governmental organization to launch a re-usable manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks. Prize was won on October 4th, 2004, by Tier 1 project financed by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen.

X Prize

Sources:

"X-Prize: From Private Space Race to Tackling Some of the World’s Biggest Problems." Web. 29 May 2016.

"LAIKA, the Dog – a Sacrifice to Science, on a One-way Mission to Space « Howl Of A Dog." LAIKA, the Dog – a Sacrifice to Science, on a One-way Mission to Space « Howl Of A Dog. Web. 29 May 2016.

"Sputnik 1." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 29 May 2016.

"In the Works: SKY LINE." What Not to Doc. 2014. Web. 29 May 2016.

"Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts and Discoveries." Space.com. Web. 29 May 2016.

"Space Tech Startups Vie for $100,000 Prize." Space.com. Web. 29 May 2016.

Uconlineprogram. "Space Pt5." YouTube. YouTube, 2012. Web. 29 May 2016.

NASA. NASA. Web. 29 May 2016.

Lane, Amy-Rose. "The Privatization Of Space Offers A New Hope For Humanity." The Huffington Post. 2015. Web. 29 May 2016.

"Chronology of Space Exploration." Chronology of Space Exploration. Web. 29 May 2016.

Whimmydiddles, Whirligigs, and Capital Punishment – A History of Toys and Games with Tyler Calkin (Machine Project Event)

I had the pleasure of attending "Whimmydiddle, Whirligigs, and Capital Punishment - A History of Toys and Games with Tyler Calkin. I came out of the talk with a deeper understanding and appreciation for the way games and play have come about in history to present.

Tyler mentioned at the beginning of his talk that most of his research was western oriented. His research is mainly on the shift from communal experiences to solitary eduction in America and Europe, examining the cultural forces, family dynamics, new technologies, and the persistent role of ideology in crafting the games we play.

Whimmydiddle

Starting in the 17th century with industrialization, play was seen as useless. Idleness was a negative, playing outside was a negative. Toy blocks from 1600s were mainly used by wealthy families who wanted to segregate their children from the "vulgar masses". Private tutors used alphabet blocks, it was an individual private game prescribed by educators.

Toy Blocks

The founder of kindergartens Friedrich Froebel used toys in a spiritual sense. He used toys to represent the hierarchy of the universe, he developed a system with a series of gifts. Each gift was a different spiritual understanding of the world. There was this idea of learning about nature and the world by staying inside.

Froebel Gift

Capital Punishment board game. The purpose of this game was to convict "criminals" and sentence them severely as quickly as possible. This one stuck with me because of the current state of our criminal justice here in the states, the game is our reality.

Capital Punishment

The toy stove was and became an element of capital and commerce, while also being an instructional object. Toy stoves were originally used as a tiny model salesmen could bring around to show potential clients what they were buying. It ended up being used as a toy as well.

Toy Stove

16th century dollhouses were used by wealthy dutch women. These women would have their belongings miniaturized to show off their wealth. It was a toy for adults by adults. We have here signifiers of wealth becoming cheaper and cheaper. By the late 19th century this became a middle class children object of play.

1600 Doll House

This intersection of art and technology really tied in magnificently with what we have been learning during the quarter. It was great to really dive into something I didn't think much about, something that had a major impact on all our developments during childhood.

Sources:

"Brief History of the Kindergarten." History of the Froebel Kindergarten. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Late 1800s Primitive Children ' S Wooden Toy Blocks, Old Victorian Estate Find." Late 1800s Primitive Children ' S Wooden Toy Blocks, Old Victorian Estate Find. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Gift Two: Sphere, Cylinder and Cube." Froebel Blocks Gift 2 Gabe Eunmul. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Online Collections." 107.1237: Capital Punishment. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Www.AntiqBuyer.com Salesman Sample & Toy Stoves." Www.AntiqBuyer.com Salesman Sample & Toy Stoves. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Most Expensive Dollhouses in the World - Best Dollhouse." Top Luxurious List. 2015. Web. 23 May 2016.

Nanotech+Art

Nanotechnology is an area that really shifts the paradigm and pushes us over the edge into the 21st century.

Nano Technology

Conceptual origins of nanotechnology are attributed to Richard Feynman. In a 1959 talk at Caltech, "theres plenty of room at the bottom" he suggested that on atomic scale we have so much room to make tiny things that this could revolutionize the world.

Richard Feynman

When dealing with molecules, when we look at a picture we are not really looking at how they really look. The molecule is invisible, it is more a cloud of electrons and possibilities, at least until the early 80s. The Scanning tunneling microscope was invented by Gerd Binning and Heinrich, at IBM.This microscope allow us to view atomic resolution images of surfaces.

Gerd Binning and Heinrich

Scanning tunneling microscope feels the invisible. On the microscope we have the finger, a fine needle terminated by a single atom. Using the finger we use STM rastering to form an image of silicon atoms on a surface. The rastering is then converted into an image in grayscale. The grayscale picture can be interpreted as a contour map which can then be averaged out to make smooth and finally colored.

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

We can change properties on the nano scale, such as the lotus leaf effect. The effect of hydrophobicity due to structure on nanoscale of lotus leaf. This changes wetting of water on surface, becomes non wetting since particles are spherical. The water runs off leaf, left uncontaminated. This has inspired many companies to create self cleaning fabrics. For example self cleaning glass.

Lotus Leaf Effect

Nano particles can be used in many different applications and technologies. The most exciting for improving human life is nano medicine. Pharmaceuticals use of nano technology to target specific tumors offers great benefits for people in the future. Person with cancer under going chemo therapy has the possibility of reducing toxicity. For example in Abraxane, particles are nanoscale and coated with albumin, this allows the toxicity to be much lower and soluble.

Abraxane

Quantum dots or nanoparticles, if you make them nanoscale you can tune the color by the size of the particle. If they are nontoxic they can be excellent replacement for cosmetic products, as well as be used to tag particular types of disease. Different colors represent different parts of the cells targeted and if below about 4 nm they can pass blood brain barrier and enter the cells.

Quantum Dots

Sources:

"What Is the Most Iconic Photo of Richard Feynman?" - Quora. Web. 23 May 2016.

STM Techniques." . NT-MDT. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Abraxane." Abraxane Mobile Gateway. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Scanning Tunneling Microscope." IBM100 -. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Nanotechnology: Panacea or Pandora's Box? -The Common Sense Canadian." The Common Sense Canadian. 2014. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Lotus Leaf Effect." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Quantum Dots." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 23 May 2016.

"The Scanning Tunneling Microscope." The Scanning Tunneling Microscope. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Scanning Tunneling Microscopy." How an STM Works. Web. 23 May 2016.

"Nano Tech Jim." YouTube. YouTube. Web. 23 May 2016.

Ventola, C. Lee. "The Nanomedicine Revolution: Part 2: Current and Future Clinical Applications." Pharmacy and Therapeutics. MediMedia USA, Inc. Web. 23 May 2016.

"University of Wisconsin-Madison Materials Research Science and Engineering Center Interdisciplinary Education Group." Quantum Dots and Nanoparticles. Web. 23 May 2016.

Neuroscience+Art

The brain has only been studied for about a century. For thousands of years those who attempted to study it eventually gave up.

Ramon y Cajal is the founder of neuroanatomy and left us with an invaluable understanding of microscopic nature of nervous system. His contributions include neuron theory, investigation of transmission of nervous signals, neuronal degeneration and regeneration. But his biggest discovery was that you can read out connection patterns between neurons by just looking at their shape. He compared himself to an entomologist, described permidal cells as the butterflies of the soul. He is one of the greatest examples of artist and scientist coming together, left brain, right brain. He contributed hugely to our idea of consciousness and neuroscience.

Sigmund Freud and cocaine addiction. In the 1880s pharmaceutical companies promoted it as the cure to everything. It was widely available as tonic, powders, and even wines. The mass availability made a large segment of the population addicts. Freud's most haunting encounter occurred in 1885, when he and a colleague almost killed a patient with a botched operation and too much cocaine. “Erma” the pseudonym of this patient is in his book the interpretation of dreams. Freud glossed over his obvious malpractice, instead he explained his dream meant he was a caring doctor who was overly protective of his patient Erma.

LSD was first synthesized by swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in 1938, although hallucinogenic effects were unknown for the next 5 years. While re-synthesizing the compound for further study he became dizzy and couldn't continue his work. On April 19, 1943, Hoffman ingested 250 micrograms, an amount he predicted to be a threshold dose. The events of the first LSD trip after the bicycle ride home, proved to Hofmann that he indeed made a significant discovery. While on LSD he believed, his next door neighbor was a witch, convinced he was possessed by a demon, and he was convinced he had gone insane. Not soon after it began to be marketed as a cure for everything.

LSD was part of CIA experiments, the top secret MKULTRA project, for mind control. 100’s of participants including government employees, CIA agents, prostitutes, etc. many without their knowledge or consent. Procedures included severe psychological torture, which led many to kill themselves or go insane. Decades would pass before the U.S admitted project and apologized for the deaths of those who died for their experimentation.

Sources: 

"Mk Ultra Tee." ConspiraTees Clothing. Web. 15 May 2016.

"Santiago Ramón Y Cajal." Famous Scientists. Web. 15 May 2016.

"Hallucinogenic Effects of LSD Discovered." History.com. A&E Television Networks. Web. 15 May 2016.

Horgan, John. "Tripping in LSD's Birthplace: A Story for "Bicycle Day"" Scientific American Blog Network. Web. 15 May 2016.

"“An Anatomy of Addiction”: Sigmund Freud, Cokehead." Saloncom RSS. Web. 15 May 2016.

"Sigmund Freud's Cocaine Problem." The Chart RSS. Web. 15 May 2016.

YouTube. YouTube. Web. 15 May 2016.

Bio Tech + Art

Bio Tech and Art is one of the most controversial areas of study. It is the GMOS in our food, experimentation with animals, creating hybrids within species among other things. There is an ongoing debate on how one would define bio art. Some want a more direct experience, for it to be justified to be called bio art, while others feel that collaboration itself is enough to be called Bio Art.

Bio Tech

Joe Davis is considered the pioneer of Bio Art. He believed that genes and genomes could be a new palette for artists. He came up with ideas that scientists considered dangerous and crazy. Davis set out to create an info-gene, his idea was to send a message in a bottle to extraterrestrials. His bottle was made of Ecoli, because it could survive deep space.The microvenus was the message, it is a simple symbol resembling the letter Y. The microvenus represents life and external female genetalia. The female genetilia was his response to all male phalic symbols being thrown into space, woman are the creators and he felt the need to balance this gender inequality. Artists like Joe Davis are posing important and critical questions to what is life and what it means to manipulate life.

MicroVenus

Eduardo Kac and the fluorescent bunny Alba. Alba was created by french scientists using a process called zygote micro injection. Scientists plucked a florescent protein GFP from a species of fluorescent jellyfish called Aquara victoria, then modified the gene to make the glowing properties more powerful. The gene was then inserted into a fertilized rabbit egg cell that eventually grew into Alba. This protein GFP has become one of the most important tools used in contemporary bioscience. With the aid of GFP, researchers have developed ways to watch processes that were previously invisible, such as the development of nerve cells in the brain or how cancer cells spread. Eduardo Kac created a debate on life and art, and the ethical implications of the work he did.

GFP Bunny

Orlan continues to shock with her latest piece with symbiotica, "Harlequin coat". The Harlequin Coat is a composite organic coat, made with an assemblage of skin pieces from different colors made via in vitro in petri dishes in a lab. This biotechnological coat, symbolizes cultural cross breeding, it is an investigation into hybridization. It shows different cultural ideas of beauty in different mediums.

Orlan 

Sources:

"Biotech Bootcamp Mixer - Northeastern Biotech Entrepreneurs." Northeastern Biotech Entrepreneurs. Web. 08 May 2016.

"Microvenus: Joe Davis : Genetics and Culture." Microvenus: Joe Davis : Genetics and Culture. Web. 08 May 2016.

"ORLAN - Vogue.it." ORLAN - Vogue.it. Web. 08 May 2016.

"GFP BUNNY." GFP BUNNY. Web. 08 May 2016.

"The Daily Galaxy: News from Planet Earth & Beyond." 'The Daily Galaxy: News from Planet Earth & Beyond' Web. 08 May 2016.

“SymbioticA.” The University of Western Australia. 08 May 2016. Web. <http://www.symbiotica.uwa.edu.au/>.

Uconlineprogram. "5 Bioart Pt1 1280x720." YouTube. YouTube, 2013. Web. 08 May 2016.

"ORLAN - Harlequin Coat." - FACT (Foundation for Art and Creative Technology). Web. 08 May 2016.

Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933-1957

I had the pleasure of watching an in-gallery performance by dancers from the L.A Dance Project. The dancers from the L.A. Dance Project performed excerpts from Springweather and People (1955), Suite for Five (1956), Changeling (1957), and other early work by Merce Cunningham. Music by Christian Wolff and John Cage in the foreground was performed by pianist Aron Kallay.  Of course while watching this, I did not know much about what was going on, except what I could hear and see. I saw leaping, dramatization, expression change,  a story was unfolding before my eyes that I did not know much about.

It was only once I looked into Black Mountain College that I came to appreciate what this performance meant. Starting in the 1930s Black Mountain college was a seminal meeting place for many of the artists, musicians, poets, and thinkers who would become the principal practitioners of the postwar period. This renowned experimental college placed the arts at the center in an effort to better educate citizens for participation in a democratic society. It was profoundly interdisciplinary with an emphasis on inquiry, discussion, and experimentation, it gave equal attention to the visual arts and applied arts or crafts like weaving, pottery, and jewelry-making, as well as architecture, poetry, music, and dance.

The exhibition itself contained a varied mixture of materials in the areas of painting, sculpture, weaving, and pottery. There are also documentary photographs and other archival ephemera placed throughout the room. All this material emphasized bridging the gap between art and life, and the creation of a counter-culture that was existent in the 1960's. With its Post-War Origins it is apparent to notice throughout the exhibition the dialogue that is occurring between Democracy, Globalism, and Art. How one could create and emerge from destruction in a world that had not created in so long. The overlap, the interaction of art with culture, the interaction of art and post war society, that ability to create and express what needed to be let out, is what makes this exhibition all the more amazing.

Medicine + Technology + Art

It is quite interesting to see how we are shifting in the way we see us, the way our bodies are being manipulated and how we are participating in this general culture.

The Visible Human Project created detailed data sets of cross section photographs of the human body in order to facilitate anatomy visualization applications. A male and female cadaver were used, they were cut into thin slices and photographed. The bodies themselves caused an ethics debate. The male cadaver is Paul Jernigan, a murderer executed by Texas, he donated his body for scientific research at the prompting of a prison chaplain. The female cadaver was a 59 year old donor who remains anonymous, she has been described as a housewife who died of a heart attack. It is often theorized her husband donated her without her consent.

Male & Female Cadaver

We often take X-rays for granted, but they are an intrinsic part of our society.  In 1895 Wilhem Rontgen produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength today known as X-rays or Rontgen rays. "X"- rays were a mathematical designation for something he didn’t know. He x-rayed his wife and it showed her wedding ring and her bones, she exclaimed “I have seen my death”. This electrified the scientific community and raised great scientific interest.

X-Ray

Most medical technology came out of war, but plastic surgery has been around since 4,000 years ago. It comes to us from the east, physicians in ancient india were using skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as 800 B.C. The word plastic does not mean artificial, it is derived from the ancient greek word plasticos which means to give mold or to give form. WWI made plastic surgery necessary, the best medical talents devoted themselves to reconstructing faces and lives during and after WWI.

Harold Gillies

Orlan, a french artist has been engaged in body performance art since the 70's. She uses plastic surgery to define herself and engage the idea of what is beauty.  Beginning in the 90's she started a series of surgical performances that were live, videotaped, and quite a spectacle. She brought a lot of attention to what it means to be beautiful, what it means to age, and how much control do we have over our look.  While being performed on, she read philosophical, literary, and psychological text. Her objective was to embody the visions of beauty created by renowned artists throughout history.

Orlan

Sources:

Harold Gillies. Digital image. Web. 24 Apr. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Gillies>.

Orlan. Digital image. Web. 24 Apr. 2016. <http://oldsite.english.ucsb.edu/faculty/ecook/courses/eng114em/OrlanTOC.htm>.

X-Ray. Digital image. Web. 24 Apr. 2016. <http://bgfons.com/download/2541>.

Male & Female Cadaver. Digital image. Web. 24 Apr. 2016. <https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/cs530/projects/project2.html>.

MutleeIsTheAntiGod. "Orlan - Carnal Art (2001) Documentary." YouTube. YouTube, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.

"Medicine Pt3." YouTube. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.

Tyson, Peter. "The Hippocratic Oath Today." PBS. PBS, 2001. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.

"The National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.

"The History of Cosmetic Surgery - How It All Began." Robinson Cosmetic Surgery, Denver, Colorado. 2015. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.

Robotics + Art

Industrialization and manufacturing are the forefathers of robotics. The origins of manufacturing can be traced back to the printing press. The printing press contributed to the growing renaissance and facilitated the scientific method. It ushered in the beginning of mass production and knowledge exchange.

Printing Press 

Robots emerged in relation to mass production and assembly lines. The mastermind behind assembly lines was Henry Ford. Ford started with the car, which at first were only for the rich. In 1940 that all changed. Ford came up with an idea for a car that was accessible to everyone. To make this possible he came up with an assembly line for workers. With this assembly line, Taylorism came into the picture. In this scientific practice of management, workers were being treated like they were part of the machine.

Ford Assembly Line

The political also became intertwined with machine. Futurism drives in Italy in 1909, with Le Figaro “a futurist manifesto”. Italians celebrated the automobile as an item of beauty with speed and acceleration as the aesthetic element. They believed the splendor of the world had been enriched by new beauty, the beauty of speed. However, futurism had a very short run. Unfortunately, their culture of speed and power turned into fascism with WWI. Though overshadowed by their negative ending, futurists were central to the creation and development of kinetic art and robotics.

Le Figaro

Walter Benjamin was a German-Jewish literary critic, philosopher, social critic, translator, radio broadcaster and essayist. His work was influential during the 20's, a time when political issues entered into the art world. Benjamin analyzes how mechanical reproduction destroys uniqueness, aura, and authenticity in works of art. He believed the withering of the “aura” is inevitable. Mechanical reproduction emancipates works of art from the dependence of ritual.

Walter Benjamin

The border between artist and designer, artist and engineer is not quite as clear cut in Japan as it is the West. Hiroshi Ishiguro is a prime example. He creates multiple geminoids, including one of himself. He goes through plastic surgery constantly so that the Geminoid and himself stay the same throughout the years. He wants to understand himself, understand human beings by creating something very similar but very different.

Horishi Ishiguro & Gemini

This is what robotics and art are at its core: the human quest for advancement, evolution, knowledge and understanding of society and themselves through any medium possible.

Sources:
Printing Press. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://diginarrate.net/2012/03/22/the-development-of-the-printing-press-from-print-to-the-computer-and-ebooks/>.
Ford Assembly Line. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://www.pinterest.com/iyhuang16/the-progressive-era-photography-project/>.
Le Figaro. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://www.avantgarde-museum.com/en/museum/collection/authors/futurismo~pe4411/>.
Walter Benjamin. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://www.artintheage.com/about/walter-benjamin/>.
Horishi Ishiguro. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://www.robotronica.qut.edu.au/talks/hiroshi-ishiguro.php>.
Marinetti, F.T.. “The Futurist Manifesto.” masi. N.p.. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://masi.cscs.lsa.umich.edu/~crshalizi/T4PM/futurist-manifesto.html>.
Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in Age of Mechanical Reproduction.” Marxists. N.p.. Web. 17 Apr. 2016  <http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/benjamin.htm>.
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